Partially implantable medical devices and methods

ABSTRACT

Apparatus having a percutaneous cartridge port with an exterior having a porous region configured to promote soft tissue ingrowth and an implantable operative portion, including a fluid transfer device, operably connected to the percutaneous cartridge port, and methods that may be associated with an apparatus having a percutaneous cartridge port.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

The present inventions relate generally to implantable medical devices.

2. Description of the Related Art

Fully implantable infusion devices, which are carried entirely withinthe patient's body and include a reservoir, a fluid transfer device anda battery, have been used to provide patients with a medication or othersubstance (collectively “infusible substance”). The reservoir is used tostore the infusible substance and, in some instances, fully implantableinfusion devices are provided with a fill port that allows the reservoirto be transcutaneously filled (and/or re-filled) through a hypodermicneedle. The reservoir is coupled to the fluid transfer device, which isin turn connected to an outlet port. A catheter, which has an outlet atthe target body region, may be connected to the outlet port. As such,infusible substance from the reservoir may be transferred from thereservoir to the target body region by way of the fluid transfer deviceand catheter.

The present inventors have determined that, while generally useful,there are a number of issues associated with conventional fullyimplantable infusion devices. For example, the present inventors havedetermined that conventional fully implantable infusion devices arerelatively large. In particular, the batteries tend to be relativelylarge because they must last many years and the reservoirs tend to berelatively large in order to minimize refills, which may necessitate avisit to a physician for a percutaneous needle-based refillingprocedure. Another issue identified by the present inventors relates tocontrol. Conventional fully implantable infusion devices are controlledby way of an external remote control which can be lost or misplaced.Another issue identified by the present inventors is maintenance.Should, for example, the catheter be damaged or blocked, surgery isrequired to remove and replace the catheter.

SUMMARY

An apparatus in accordance with one of the present inventions includes apercutaneous port and an implantable operative portion.

An apparatus in accordance with one of the present inventions includes ahousing member defining an opening, a fluid transfer device and ahousing cover carried by the fluid transfer device and secured to theopening.

An apparatus in accordance with one of the present inventions includes apercutaneous port configured to receive a cartridge and an implantableoperative portion, and is configured to sense movement of the cartridgerelative to the percutaneous port.

A method in accordance with one of the present inventions includes thestep of sensing movement of a cartridge relative to a percutaneous port.

A cartridge in accordance with one of the present inventions includes ahousing, a needle and a plurality of sensible members.

An apparatus in accordance with one of the present inventions includes acartridge with at least one sensible member and a partially implantablemedical device adapted to sense the at least one sensible member.

A fluid and power cartridge in accordance with one of the presentinventions includes a housing, a needle, a power source carried by thehousing, and power contacts.

An apparatus in accordance with one of the present inventions includes afluid and power cartridge and a partially implantable medical deviceincluding a percutaneous port with an interior configured to receive thefluid and power cartridge.

An apparatus in accordance with one of the present inventions includes apercutaneous port configured to receive a cartridge, an implantableoperative portion including a fluid transfer device with an inlet and anoutlet, and a delivery/manifold tube operably connected to the inlet andthe outlet.

An apparatus in accordance with one of the present inventions includes amanifold portion, with first and second fluid lumens and a lumen-freeportion that prevents direct flow from the first fluid lumen to thesecond fluid lumen, and a delivery portion including a delivery lumenthat is operably connected to the second fluid lumen.

A method in accordance with one of the present inventions includes thesteps of delivering a first substance to a location within a patient'sbody with a partially implantable medical device and delivering a secondsubstance to the patient with a device other than a partiallyimplantable medical device.

A method in accordance with one of the present inventions includes thesteps of providing a patient with a first medication stored in acartridge that is configured to be received by a partially implantedmedical device and providing the patient with a second medication in aninhalable form.

A method in accordance with one of the present inventions includes thesteps of supplying a patient with an insulin cartridge that storesliquid insulin and is configured to be received by a partiallyimplantable medical device and supplying the patient with insulin in aninhalable form.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Detailed description of exemplary embodiments will be made withreference to the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram in accordance with one embodiment of a presentinvention.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a medical device in accordance with oneembodiment of a present invention.

FIG. 3 is another perspective view of the medical device illustrated inFIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is an elevation view showing the medical device illustrated inFIGS. 2 and 3 implanted in a patient with the cartridge in place.

FIG. 4A is an enlarged elevation view showing the medical deviceillustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3 implanted in a patient with the cartridgeremoved.

FIG. 5 is a side, partial section view of the medical device illustratedin FIGS. 2 and 3 implanted in a patient with the cartridge in place.

FIG. 6 is an exploded perspective view of a portion of the medicaldevice illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a portion of the medical deviceillustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3.

FIG. 7A is a perspective view of a rechargeable battery.

FIG. 7B is a block diagram in accordance with one embodiment of apresent invention.

FIG. 7C is a perspective view of a portion of a charger in accordancewith one embodiment of a present invention.

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a portion of a percutaneous port inaccordance with one embodiment of a present invention.

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a battery case in accordance with oneembodiment of a present invention.

FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a portion of the medical deviceillustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3.

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a septum in accordance with oneembodiment of a present invention.

FIG. 12 is a section view taken along line 12-12 in FIG. 11.

FIG. 13 is an elevation view of a cartridge in accordance with oneembodiment of a present invention.

FIG. 14 is a section view taken along line 14-14 in FIG. 13.

FIG. 15 is an exploded perspective view the cartridge illustrated inFIG. 13.

FIG. 16 is an enlarged view of a portion of FIG. 14.

FIG. 17 is an enlarged view of a portion of FIG. 14.

FIG. 18 is a perspective view of a fluid transfer device in accordancewith one embodiment of a present invention.

FIG. 19 is a partial section view taken along line 19-19 in FIG. 18.

FIG. 20 is an exploded perspective view of a portion of the medicaldevice illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3.

FIG. 21 is a perspective view of a portion of the medical deviceillustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3.

FIG. 22 is a perspective view of a portion of the medical deviceillustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3.

FIG. 23 is a perspective view of a portion of the medical deviceillustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3.

FIG. 24 is a section view of a portion of the medical device illustratedin FIGS. 2 and 3.

FIG. 25 is a perspective view of a portion of the medical deviceillustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3.

FIG. 26 is a perspective view of a portion of the medical deviceillustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3.

FIG. 27 is a block diagram in accordance with one embodiment of apresent invention.

FIG. 28 is a section view of a portion of the medical device illustratedin FIGS. 2 and 3.

FIG. 29 is a perspective view of a delivery/manifold tube in accordancewith one embodiment of a present invention.

FIGS. 30-35 are plan views showing a plurality of sensible membersmoving relative to a pair of sensors.

FIG. 36 is a flow chart in accordance with one embodiment of a presentinvention.

FIG. 36A is a flow chart in accordance with one embodiment of a presentinvention.

FIG. 37 is a side view of a medical device in accordance with oneembodiment of a present invention.

FIG. 38 is a partial section view of a portion of the medical deviceillustrated in FIG. 37.

FIG. 39 is a side of a medical device in accordance with one embodimentof a present invention.

FIG. 40 is plan view of a portion of the medical device illustrated inFIG. 39.

FIG. 41 is plan view of a portion of the medical device illustrated inFIG. 39.

FIG. 42 is section view taken along line 42-42 in FIG. 39.

FIG. 43 is a side of a medical device in accordance with one embodimentof a present invention.

FIG. 44 is a perspective view of a medical device in accordance with oneembodiment of a present invention.

FIG. 45 is a plan view of a portion of the medical device illustrated inFIG. 44.

FIG. 46 is a perspective view of a portion of the medical deviceillustrated in FIG. 44.

FIG. 47 is a perspective view of a portion of the medical deviceillustrated in FIG. 44.

FIG. 48 is a perspective view of a portion of the medical deviceillustrated in FIG. 44.

FIG. 49 is a perspective view of a cartridge in accordance with oneembodiment of a present invention.

FIG. 50 is another perspective view of the cartridge illustrated in FIG.49.

FIG. 51 is a plan view of the cartridge illustrated in FIG. 49.

FIG. 52 is a perspective view of the cartridge illustrated in FIG. 49with the battery and battery cover removed.

FIG. 53 is a plan view of the cartridge illustrated in FIG. 49 with thebattery cover removed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

The following is a detailed description of the best presently knownmodes of carrying out the inventions. This description is not to betaken in a limiting sense, but is made merely for the purpose ofillustrating the general principles of the inventions.

The detailed description of the preferred embodiments is organized asfollows:

I. Introduction and Overview

II. Exemplary Percutaneous Port

III. Exemplary Replaceable Cartridge

IV. Exemplary Implantable Operative Portion

V. Exemplary Delivery/Manifold Tube

VI. Exemplary Control Methodologies

VII. Exemplary Internal Port

VIII. Additional Exemplary Implementations

IX. Exemplary Treatment Methodologies

The section titles and overall organization of the present detaileddescription are for the purpose of convenience only and are not intendedto limit the present inventions.

I. Introduction and Overview

The present inventions are generally directed to partially implantablemedical devices, i.e. medical devices that are configured such that,after implantation, a portion of each device will extend completelythrough the epidermis. The present medical devices may be used fortherapeutic and/or diagnostic purposes such as, for example, deliveringa drug to a patient. As illustrated for example in FIG. 1, a medicaldevice 10 in accordance with at least some of the inventions disclosedherein includes a percutaneous port 12, a replaceable cartridge 14 thatis configured to be received by the percutaneous port, and animplantable operative portion 16.

The percutaneous port 12 extends through the epidermis from a locationwithin the body (e.g. a location within the abdomen) and, accordingly,allows a patient or physician to access various portions of the medicaldevice 10 from outside the body. Access is attained without furtherincision into the patient or the use of other devices and methods tofacilitate percutaneous access. By way of comparison, to refill manyfully implantable infusion devices with a drug or other infusiblesubstance, a physician must push a needle through the patient's skin andinto the abdomen in order to access the refill port on the infusiondevice. An implanted battery would ultimately be depleted and the devicewould likely be surgically replaced unless the battery was rechargeable.Also, a surgical procedure may be required to replace a blocked deliverycatheter on a fully implantable infusion device.

The present percutaneous port 12, on the other hand, allows the patientor physician to easily remove and/or replace the replaceable cartridge14 from the outside of the patient's body. In at least someimplementations, the percutaneous port 12 also allows the patient orphysician to remove and replace certain aspects of the percutaneous portitself, remove and replace certain aspects of the implantable operativeportion 16 through the percutaneous port, remove and replace some otherdevice that may be used in combination with the medical device 10 (e.g.a battery or other power supply) and/or recharge a rechargeable battery.There are a variety of advantages associated with such percutaneousaccess. For example, in some conventional fully implantable infusiondevices, the battery must last many years and, accordingly, isrelatively large (e.g. as much as about one-fourth of the total devicevolume). The ability to replace and/or recharge the battery(s) by way ofthe present percutaneous port 12 facilitates the use of smallerbatteries, which results in a smaller medical device. Moreover, in atleast some implementations, the tube that delivers fluid to the targetbody region may be removed and replaced by way of the percutaneous port12, thereby eliminating the need for a surgical procedure should thetube become blocked.

The percutaneous port 12 may be configured so as to encourage tissueingrowth into a portion thereof. Such tissue ingrowth creates aninfection resistant barrier around the percutaneous port 12. Thepercutaneous port 12 may be carried by the implantable operative portion16. The percutaneous port 12 may, alternatively, be operativelyconnected to the implantable operative portion 16 by a suitablestructure such as, in the exemplary context of an implantable infusiondevice, a fluid tube.

In the exemplary embodiment, the replaceable cartridge 14 supplies theimplantable operative portion 16 with something that is transferred tothe patient and/or is otherwise consumed by the implantable operativeportion. In the exemplary context of a partially implantable infusiondevice, the replaceable cartridge 14 may function as the medical devicereservoir and be used to provide the drug or other infusible substancethat is supplied to the patient by the implantable operative portion 16.There are a variety of advantages associated with a percutaneous portand cartridge-based reservoir. For example, the reservoir may occupy asmuch as two-thirds of the total volume of a conventional fullyimplantable infusion device. The large reservoir is dictated by thedifficulties associated with the refill of a fully implantable infusiondevice, e.g. it may require a visit to a physician for a percutaneousneedle-based refilling procedure, and the desirability of limiting thefrequency of such procedures. In the exemplary context of highconcentration insulin delivery, the conventional reservoir is configuredto carry a three to six month supply. The volume of the replaceablecartridge 14 may, on the other hand, be considerably less. In theexemplary context of high concentration insulin delivery, a cartridgecould be configured to store a seven day supply, which results in aboutan approximately 90% volumetric reduction in the overall medical deviceas compared to a device that stores a 3 month supply.

The replaceable cartridge 14 may, in some implementations, also beconfigured to supply power to the implantable operative portion 16 byway of the percutaneous port 12, thereby obviating the issues associatedwith a more permanent battery.

The replaceable cartridge 14 may also be used to perform a variety ofother functions, such as providing a direct user interface to theimplantable operative portion 16, either alone or in combination withother structures. For example, the user or physician may control certainaspects of the implantable operative portion 16 (e.g. delivery rate) byrotating the cartridge 14 relative to the percutaneous port 12. Thereare a variety of advantages associated with such a user interface. Forexample, conventional fully implantable infusion devices are generallycontrolled by way of telemetric communication from an external remotecontrol. The additional expense associated with this communicationmethod notwithstanding, patients are unable to interface with theirfully implanted infusion devices should they find themselves withouttheir remote controls.

The implantable operative portion 16 performs the therapeutic and/ordiagnostic functions associated with the medical device 10 and, as usedherein, an “implantable” operative portion is an operative portion thatis sized, shaped and otherwise constructed (e.g. sealed) such that itcan be entirely carried within the patient's body. In the exemplarycontext of a partially implantable infusion device, the implantableoperative portion may include, among other things, a fluid transferdevice (e.g. a pump and valve arrangement) and control apparatus.

One example of a medical device which incorporates many of the presentinventions is the medical device 20 illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3. Theillustrated example includes a percutaneous port 100, a replaceablecartridge 200, and an implantable operative portion 300. A replaceabledelivery/manifold tube 400 may be provided in some implementations. Theparticulars of the exemplary medical device 20 are discussed in SectionsII-VI below.

Turning to FIGS. 4, 4A and 5, the medical device 20 may, for example, beimplanted into the abdomen of a patient such that the replaceablecartridge 200 will be adjacent to exterior surface of the skin andavailable for removal and/or other manipulation. One suitable locationis the front side of the abdomen. For cosmetic purposes, the exteriorcolor of the cartridge 200 (or at least the visible surface thereof) maybe chosen to match the patient's skin color. Alternatively, the visiblesurface of the cartridge may be configured to resemble jewelry (such asthat sometimes carried by body piercings), may resemble a tattoo, or mayresemble some other decorative instrumentality. The replaceablecartridge 200 may be removed (FIG. 4A) from the percutaneous port 100,replaced, or otherwise manipulated, without disturbing the implantableoperative portion 300. The percutaneous port 100 may also, for example,be used to obtain physical or electronic access to certain aspects ofthe port, and/or to replace the delivery/manifold tube 400, when thereis no cartridge 200 in the port.

In the exemplary context of insulin delivery, the implantable operativeportion 300 may be located subcutaneously within fat and/or muscle F/M,but outside the peritoneal cavity, and the delivery portion ofdelivery/manifold tube 400 may extend through the peritoneal wall PW andinto the peritoneal cavity, as illustrated in FIG. 5. There are varietyof advantages associated with delivering insulin to the peritonealcavity. For example, it is less likely that there will be tissuebuild-up at the outlet end of a delivery tube that is located in theperitoneum, as compared to the outlet end of a delivery tube that islocated subcutaneously. Delivery of insulin into the peritoneal cavity,as opposed to subcutaneous delivery, results in better deliverykinetics, eliminates the depot effect, is more natural (a healthypancreas delivers insulin to the peritoneal cavity), and the insulinpeaks almost twice as fast as for subcutaneous injections of insulin.

It should also be noted that, depending on the therapy, the presentpartially implantable medical devices may be used for subcutaneousdelivery, venous delivery, intranodal delivery, and delivery to anyorgan.

II. Exemplary Percutaneous Port

Referring first to FIGS. 2, 3 and 5, the exemplary percutaneous port 100includes a tubular wall 102 with a rounded rim 104 and a layer of porousmaterial 106. The rounded rim 104, which may be located adjacent to theepidermal surface when the medical device 20 is implanted into thepatient, strengthens the tubular wall 102 and eliminates what mightotherwise be a sharp edge that is uncomfortable to the touch. The layerof porous material 106, which may at a minimum be located just below thepatients epidermis ED and in contact with the dermis D (FIG. 5), isconfigured to encourage tissue ingrowth that creates an infectionresistant barrier around the tubular wall 102 after implantation. Thelayer of porous material 106 extends around the entire circumference ofthe tubular wall 102 (as shown) and may extend from one longitudinal endof the tubular wall to the other, or over only a portion of the tubularwall below the rim 104, or over a portion of the tubular wall adjacentto the implantable operative portion 300, or over a portion of thetubular wall therebetween. In certain exemplary implementations, thelayer of porous material 106 may be a mesh of intersecting fibers of anysuitable biocompatible material, such as a biocompatible metal (e.g.,titanium, nitinol, stainless steel, gold, or platinum) or abiocompatible polymeric material (e.g., polyolefins, TEFLONpolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), nylon, DACRON polyester, or silicone).The mesh may be formed by cross-winding the fibers in multiple layers todefine a porosity conducive to promoting tissue ingrowth (e.g., poresizes within a range of 50 to 200 microns and having a porosity of 60 to95%). The infection resistant barrier may be enhanced by incorporatingantimicrobial and/or anti-inflammatory constituents into or beyond thelayer of porous material 106. Additional details concerning such porousmaterial layers may be found in U.S. Patent Pub. Nos. 2004/0204686,2007/0112334 and 2007/0149949, each of which is incorporated herein byreference.

The exemplary percutaneous port 100 is circular in cross-section inorder to accommodate the cylindrical cartridge 200. It should be noted,however, that the present percutaneous port may have cross-sectionalshapes other than circular in order to, for example, accommodatecartridges that are oval, square, rectangular, or otherwise.

Turning to FIGS. 6-9, the exemplary percutaneous port 100 also includesan end wall 108. The tubular wall 102 and the end wall 108 togetherdefine an interior cartridge receiving region 110 and, put another way,the tubular wall and the surface of the end wall that contacts thecartridge together perform the function of receiving and holding thecartridge 200 (see also FIGS. 5, 7, 16 and 28). The end wall 108includes a plurality of apertures and indentations that are associatedwith various structures and functions that are related to thepercutaneous port 100. For example, the end wall 108 includes anaperture 112 that allows one or more batteries 114 to be inserted into,and removed from, a battery case 116, which has a positive batterycontact 118. The battery case 116 is discussed in greater detail belowwith reference to FIGS. 9 and 10. The end wall 108 also includes a pairof apertures 120 and 122 for control sensors 124 and 126. The controlsensors 124 and 126, which are discussed in greater detail below withreference to FIG. 9 and in Section VI, are used to sense rotation of thecartridge 200 relative to the port 100. In the illustratedimplementation, the control sensors are at the surface or extendslightly above the surface of the end wall 108. An aperture 128 isprovided for the replaceable delivery/manifold tube 400, which isdiscussed in greater detail in Section V below, while an aperture 130 isprovided for a septum 132 that is located over the delivery/manifoldtube. The septum 132, which is discussed in greater detail below withreference to FIGS. 11 and 12, is the structure through which fluid fromthe cartridge 200 is delivered to the implantable operative portion 300(by way of the delivery/manifold tube 400). To that end, the exemplarycartridge 200 includes a delivery needle 204 (FIGS. 13-15) and theseptum 132 is configured to allow passage of the needle. The septum 132also functions as a seal, both when the needle 204 is extendingtherethrough and after the needle has been removed, to preventcontaminants within the interior cartridge receiving region 110 of thepercutaneous port from entering the delivery/manifold tube 400. The sealalso prevents infusible substance within the delivery/manifold tube 400leaking into the interior cartridge receiving region 110 of thepercutaneous port 100.

It is anticipated that the batteries 114 may need replacement, that theseptum 132 may fail in response to the repeated needle puncturingassociated with cartridge replacement, and/or that the delivery/manifoldtube 400 may become blocked or damaged. As such, the batteries 114,septum 132 and delivery/manifold tube 400 are removable and replaceableand may be removed and replaced by way of the percutaneous port 100. Tothat end, the wall that defines the aperture 130 in the illustratedembodiment is also configured to mate with a releasable retainer 134that holds the batteries 114, the septum 132 and the delivery/manifoldtube 400 in place. The exemplary retainer 134 includes a flat retainerdisk 136 and a post 138. The end wall 108 includes an indentation 140that is substantially the same diameter and thickness as the flatretainer disk 136 and, accordingly, the end wall and flat retainer diskwill be essentially flush when the retainer 134 is in the lockedposition illustrated in FIG. 7. In the illustrated embodiment, theexterior surface of the post 138 includes threads 142, while the wallthat defines the aperture 130 includes threads 144 which are configuredto mate with the post threads. The retainer 134 may be secured to theend wall 108 by inserting the post 138 into the aperture 130, and thenrotating the retainer until the flat retainer disk 136 engagesindentation 140. The flat retainer disk 136, which also engages theadjacent battery 114 when the retainer 134 is in the locked position(FIG. 7), functions as the negative battery contact. The electricalpaths from the positive and negative battery contacts are discussed inSection IV below.

A lumen 146 extends through the retainer 134 in the exemplaryimplementation. The purpose of the lumen 146 is two-fold. The lumen 146provides a passageway, which leads to the septum 132 and to thedelivery/manifold tube 400, for the cartridge needle 204 (FIG. 28). Thelumen 146 is also configured to receive a tool (not shown) that may beused to rotate the retainer 134. In the illustrated embodiment, thelumen 146 is hexagonally-shaped and, accordingly, is configured toreceive a tool such as an Allen wrench that is correspondinglyhexagonally-shaped. Other suitable lumen/tool configurations include,but are not limited to square (or “Robertson”), triple square and starshapes.

It should also be noted here that the inner surface of the exemplarytubular wall 102 may be provided with an indentation 148 that isconfigured to mate with a sealing ring 216 (FIG. 16) on the cartridge200, as is discussed in Section III below. Additionally, and referringto FIG. 8, the side of the end wall 108 opposite the interior cartridgereceiving region 110 includes a ring 150 onto which the battery case 116(FIGS. 9 and 10) is mounted, a base member 152 in which the apertures128 and 130 (FIG. 6) are formed, a ring 154 on which thedelivery/manifold tube receiver 366 (FIGS. 23 and 24) is mounted, one ormore anchors 156, and a pin 158. The ring 154, anchors 156 and pin 158are discussed in greater detail below in Section IV below. An adhesivemay be used to secure the battery case 116 to the ring 150.

As illustrated in FIG. 9, the exemplary battery case 116 includes acylindrical wall 160, an end wall 162 that carries the battery positivecontact 118, and a flange 164 that carries the control sensors 124 and126. The cylindrical wall 160 has indentations 166 and 168 toaccommodate the ring 150 and base member 152 and allow the battery case116 to be mounted on the percutaneous port end wall 108 in the mannerillustrated in FIG. 10. Suitable materials for the battery case 116include, but are not limited to, polyethylene, polycarbonate, PEEK,TEFLON PTFE, epoxy and others. The present medical devices are notlimited to any particular type of control sensor. The type of controlsensor will depend, at least in part, upon the type of sensible memberscarried by the cartridge 200. In the illustrated embodiment, thecircumferentially spaced control sensors 124 and 126 respectivelyconsist of pairs of electrical contacts (“contact pairs”) 170 a/170 band 172 a/172 b, and the electrical contacts within each contact pairare substantially circumferentially aligned (note FIG. 7).

Turning to FIGS. 11 and 12, the exemplary replaceable septum 132includes seal member 133 and an annular low friction retainer engagementmember 135. The seal member 133 has a relatively wide portion 174, arelatively narrow portion 176 and a hollow region 178. The relativelywide portion 174 is configured to fit within the aperture 130 and reston the base member 152 (note FIG. 6), creating a seal. The relativelynarrow portion 176 is configured to fit within the aperture 128 and reston the delivery/manifold tube 400. The retainer engagement member 135,which is engaged by the lock post 138 (FIG. 6) and is carried by therelatively wide portion 174, defines an aperture 180 through which thecartridge needle 204 may pass, and includes a curved surface 182. Thelow friction lock engagement member 135 allows the lock 134 to berotated without rotating, or rotationally deforming, the replaceableseptum 132, while compressing the rim of the septum assembly at 133 toeffect the seal. Suitable materials for the seal member 133 include, butare not limited to, resilient materials such as silicone rubber andpolyurethane, while the low friction member 135 may be formed frommaterials, such as TEFLON PTFE, a polished metal (e.g. titanium orstainless steel), or a film (e.g. TEFLON PTFE, nylon or polycarbonate)that is adhered to the seal member 133, which have a lower coefficientof friction than the seal member. In other implementations, the retainerengagement member may simply be in the form of a non-stick coating, suchas a coating of a TEFLON PTFE or a low friction polymer, on the sealmember 133. It should also be noted that the septum is not limited tothe illustrated shape with a narrow portion and a wide portion andcould, for example, simply be disk-shaped.

There are a variety of advantages associated with the presentpercutaneous port 100. By way of example, but not limitation, thepercutaneous port 100 may be used to receive a replaceable cartridge(e.g. cartridge 200) that is used to store the drug or other infusiblesubstance that is supplied to the patient by the implantable operativeportion 300. As noted above, providing the infusible substance in thismanner is more convenient and greatly reduces the overall size of themedical device 20 as compared to fully implantable infusion devices. Thepercutaneous port 100 may also be used for maintenance. To that end, andas noted above, the percutaneous port allows the batteries 114, theseptum 132 and the delivery/manifold tube 400 to be removed andreplaced. In addition to eliminating the need for surgical procedures toreplace the delivery tube, the ability to replace the batteries 114facilitates the use of a smaller power source than is required for afully implantable infusion device that must remain implanted for manyyears. Other advantages, which are associated with the sensing featuresof the percutaneous port 100, are discussed in Section VI below.

III. Exemplary Replaceable Cartridge

As illustrated in FIGS. 13-15, the exemplary replaceable cartridge 200includes a housing 202, which stores the infusible substance, and aneedle 204. Although the present cartridges are not limited to anyparticular housing structure, the exemplary housing 202 has first andsecond housing members 206 and 208 and an internal bladder 210.

The first housing member 206 in the exemplary replaceable cartridge 200includes a cylindrical wall 212, with one or more air holes 214 and asealing ring 216, and an end wall 218 that is sized such that it extendsradially beyond the percutaneous port rounded rim 104 (FIGS. 2, 3 and16). For example, the end wall 218 may have a flange 220 that rests onand curls around the rim 104 when the cartridge 200 is fully insertedinto the percutaneous port 100 (FIG. 16), or may simply have a flatflange that rests on the rim (discussed below with reference to FIG.44). The second housing member 208 includes a cylindrical wall 222 andan end wall 224. The cylindrical wall 222 includes an indentation 226,with a longitudinally extending surface 228 and a radially extendingsurface 230, that is configured to receive a portion of the firsthousing member cylindrical wall 212 with a portion of the internalbladder 210 therebetween. The end wall 224 may be flat (as shown),convex, or concave. Suitable materials for the housing members 206 and208 include, but are not limited to, plastics such as polyethylene orPEEK, or other polymers.

The internal bladder 210 in the exemplary embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 13-15 is formed from a flexible film and includes a cylindricalside wall 232 and an end wall 234. There are also no folds in the sideand end walls 232 and 234. The side wall 232 is located within theindentation 226, abuts the radially extending surface 230 and iscompressed between the associated portions of the cylindrical walls 212and 222. So configured and arranged, the internal bladder 210 and thesecond housing member 208 together define a fluid storage volume 236that, when filled with fluid (FIG. 15), is essentially equal to theinternal volume of the housing 202. The configuration of the internalbladder 210 in the illustrated embodiment is such that the bladder isnot stretched, and does not exert a positive pressure on the fluid, whenthe cartridge 200 is full. The internal bladder 210 will collapse (FIG.16) as fluid is drawn from the cartridge 200 and air enters the volumethat is formed between the housing member 206 and the internal bladder210 by way of the air holes 214. Suitable materials for the internalbladder include, but are not limited to silicone or butyl rubber.

It should be noted here that the present cartridges are not limited tothe illustrated internal bladder embodiment. Other devices may be usedalone, or in combination with the housing members 206 and 208, to definethe fluid storage volume. By way of example, but not limitation, suchdevices may include plungers that slide within the space defined by thehousing members, flexible bellows, and other suitable structures. Also,another suitable bladder is a balloon without a defined shape.

Referring to FIG. 16, the flange 220 on the cartridge housing 202 willengage the percutaneous port rounded rim 104 to minimize the inflow ofwater, but not create an airtight seal, when the cartridge 200 is fullyinserted into the percutaneous port 100. Instead, in the illustratedembodiment, the exemplary seal is air permeable so that air can reachthe air holes 214. The seal resists the inflow of water under normalconditions, but will not prevent rotation of the cartridge 200 relativeto the percutaneous port 100 (note the discussion in Section VI below).So configured, the exemplary seal will be tight enough to prevent waterfrom entering the percutaneous port 100 during everyday water-relatedactivities such as showering, but not tight enough to prevent water fromentering the percutaneous port during swimming and diving. The sealingring 216 on the housing 202 will also mate with the indentation 148 inthe tubular wall 102 when the cartridge 200 is fully inserted into thepercutaneous port 100. In addition to providing a more effective seal,the mechanical interference associated with the indentation 148 and ring216 will prevent the cartridge 200 being unintentionally dislodged fromthe percutaneous port 100 during normal activities. The indentation andring arrangement results in a small gap between the inner surface of thepercutaneous port tubular wall 102 and the outer surface of thecartridge housing 202, which facilitates air flow into the holes 214.Alternatively, or in addition, any suitable mechanical lock (e.g. aclick lock) may be provided to provide a retention to keep the cartridge200 in the port 100. A magnetic locking arrangement is anotheralternative.

For swimming, diving and other activities that could result in leakageor dislodgement of the cartridge 200, the cartridge may be removed andreplaced by a stopper (e.g. a rubber stopper) that is configured tocreate a tighter seal than the cartridge. Such an arrangement may, forexample, be useful in those instances where the batteries 114 would bedamaged if immersed in water. The removal time would depend upon theapplication of the medical device. In the exemplary context of insulindelivery, the removal time could be as long as a couple of hours withoutdanger. Tape seals, such as those sold by Smith & Nephew, may be securedto the skin and positioned over the top of the cartridge 200 or simplypositioned within the port 100 over the battery 114, to protect againstwater intrusion.

Turning to the cartridge needle, the needle 204 may be carried by theend wall 224 and, in the illustrated embodiment, the needle is locatedat the center of the end wall and extends along longitudinal axis of thecartridge 200. Although the present cartridges may include any suitableneedle configuration, the exemplary needle 204 is a non-coring needlethat reduces the likelihood that it will damage the septum 132 when thecartridge is inserted into and removed from the percutaneous port 100.To that end, and referring to FIG. 17, the exemplary needle 204 includesan elongated tubular body 238, with an internal lumen 240, and asharpened end portion 242. One or more apertures 244 pass through thetubular body 238 to the internal lumen 240. The needle 204 may beconfigured such that the sharp edges associated with the apertures 244are not located on the sharpened end portion 242 and, instead, arelocated inwardly from the overall outer perimeter of the tubular body238, which reduces the likelihood that the needle 204 will damage theseptum 132. The apertures 244 in the illustrated embodiment are locatedwithin longitudinally extending indentations 245 that have roundededges. The exemplary needle 204 also includes a base 246 that is mountedin the end wall 224. The internal lumen 240 extends through the base 246and defines a needle inlet 248 that is located within the fluid storagevolume 236.

The size of the fluid storage volume 236 will, of course, depend on theintended application. In the exemplary context of insulin delivery, thecartridge 200 may be configured such that it can store one week's worthof highly concentrated insulin that is to be delivered at a relativelyhigh delivery rate. For example, if the maximum daily basal dosage is100 units/day, a fluid storage volume of 1.8 cc would be sufficient tostore a week's supply of an insulin that has a 400 units/ccconcentration (e.g. Sanofi-Aventis U400). Such a volume could, forexample, be achieved with a cartridge that has an internal diameter ofabout 14 mm and an internal height of about 12 mm. The outer diameter ofhousing 202 would be about 15 mm, the exterior height of the housingwould be about 12 mm (excluding the end wall 218), and the diameter ofthe end wall 218 (including the flange 220) could be about 16-17 mm insuch a cartridge. Additionally, with respect to other exemplaryapplications, the size of the fluid storage volume may range from 0.1 ccto 20 cc in applications such as for pain therapy with morphine.

Referring to FIG. 15, the exemplary cartridge 200 also includes one ormore sensible members 250 that are sensed by the sensors 124 and 126.Sensing of the sensible members 250 is used to identify rotation of thecartridge 200 relative to the percutaneous port 100 in the mannerdescribed in Section VI below. The sensible members 250 may be locatedon the exterior of the second housing member end wall 224 (as shown), onthe exterior of the cylindrical walls 212 and 222, on the exterior ofthe first housing member end wall 218, completely or partially embeddedwithin one or more of any of the end and cylindrical walls, or evenwithin the internal volume of the cartridge, depending upon the type ofsensible member employed, the location of the associated sensor(s) andthe manner in which the sensible member(s) and sensor(s) interact.

In the illustrated embodiment, the sensible members 250 arecircumferentially-spaced electrically conductive pads that are separatedby non-conductive regions 251. The configuration of the percutaneousport 100 is such that a conductive pad will be in contact with thecontacts 170 a/170 b and 172 a/172 b when a portion of that conductivepad is circumferentially aligned therewith. The above-describedindentation 148 and ring 216, and there positioning relative to theremainders of the percutaneous port 100 and cartridge 200, may be usedto apply a slight positive pressure which insure that the sensiblemembers 250 will make contact with the contacts 170 a/170 b and 172a/172 b when the sensible members and contacts are aligned.

Suitable examples of electrically conductive materials for the padsinclude, but are not limited to, stainless steel, copper, aluminum,silver, gold and nickel. The conductive pads may be formed on theassociated wall (e.g. end wall 224) through the use of any suitabletechnique. By way of example, but not limitation, the conductive padsmay be formed by electroplating or insertion molding. Alternatively, theassociated wall (e.g. end wall 224) may be formed from (or coated with)conductive material and those portions of the conductive material thatare not within a sensible member may be coated with a non-conductivematerial. The conductive pads may also be printed onto a sheet ofplastic that is then adhered to the associated wall (e.g. end wall 224).Conductive material may, alternatively, be printed directly onto theassociated wall (e.g. end wall 224). Another alternative is to secure aprecut metal sheet to the associated wall (e.g. end wall 224) and thenpeel away the portions of the sheet that do not form the conductingpads. Similarly, a metallized film may be formed on the associated wall(e.g. end wall 224) and then etched to form the conductive pads.

The sensible members 250 are not limited to electrically conductivepads. For example, cartridges in accordance with other embodiments of atleast some of the inventions may be provided with one or moreprotrusions, indentations, and/or other instrumentalities that can bemechanically sensed. Another exemplary alternative is one or moremagnets that can sensed by, for example, a flux sensor.

Cartridges in accordance with at least some embodiments may be providedwith information storage and communication devices that may be used toprovide information to, and/or store information received from, theimplantable operative portion 300. One example of such an informationstorage device is an RFID tag (not shown). The RFID tag may be used toprovide the implantable operative portion 300 with programminginformation and other data. A cartridge with such an RFID tag may beused to program or reprogram the associated medical device, therebyobviating the need for telemetric communication between the medicaldevice and an external programmer. The RFID tag may also be used torecord data sensed by the implantable operative portion 300. Here, usedcartridges could be returned to the manufacturer or the physician sothat the data could be read and analyzed. Examples of such data include,but are not limited to, data from physiological sensors (e.g. glucosedata) and failure mode data. The RFID tag may also be used as anelectronic safety key to, for example, prevent the implantable operativeportion 300 from operating when an unauthorized cartridge is insertedinto the percutaneous port 100 or when no cartridge is present in theport. One example of an unauthorized cartridge would be a cartridge thatstores a medication or other infusible substance other than thatprescribed by the patient's physician.

IV. Exemplary Implantable Operative Portion

Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, the implantable operative portion 300 of theexemplary medical device 20 includes a housing 302 with a fluid transfersection 304 and an electronics section 306. The fluid transfercomponents carried within the fluid transfer section 304 and thedelivery/manifold tube 400 together transfer fluid from the replaceablecartridge 200 to a target location within the patient. The componentswithin the electronics section 306 may include, among other things, thepowered portion of the exemplary fluid transfer device 308 (FIGS. 18-21)as well as power and control circuitry. Although the housing 302 may beconfigured such that the fluid transfer section 304 and electronicssection 306 share a common volume that is sealed relative to thepatient, the housing in the illustrated embodiment is configured suchthat the electronics section is sealed relative to both the fluidtransfer section and the patient. This aspect of the exemplary medicaldevice 20 is discussed in greater detail below with reference to FIGS.20 and 21.

A wide variety of fluid transfer devices may be incorporated intomedical devices in accordance with at least some of the presentinventions. In the illustrated embodiment, the fluid transfer device isin the form of an electromagnet pump. The present inventions are not,however, limited to electromagnet pumps and may include other types offluid transfer devices. Such devices include, but are not limited to,other electromagnetic pumps, solenoid pumps, piezo pumps, MEMS pumps andany other mechanical or electromechanical pump. In the exemplary contextof partially implantable drug delivery devices, and although thevolume/stroke magnitude may be smaller or larger in certain situations,the fluid transfer devices in the exemplary embodiment will typicallydeliver about 0.25 microliter/stroke, but may be more or less dependingon the particular fluid transfer device employed. To put 0.25microliter/stroke into the exemplary context of delivering highconcentration insulin, a basal rate of 40 strokes/hr (or 960 stokes/day)would provide a patient with about 96 units/day of insulin that has aconcentration of 400 units/cc (e.g. Sanofi-Aventis U400). Additionally,although the exemplary fluid transfer device is provided with internalvalves (e.g. a main check valve and a bypass valve), valves may also beprovided as separate structural elements that are positioned upstream ofand/or downstream from the associated fluid transfer device.

As illustrated for example in FIGS. 18 and 19, the exemplary fluidtransfer device is generally represented by reference numeral 308 andincludes a housing 310, an electromagnet pump 312, a bypass valve 314,and a main check valve 316 that defines the fluid transfer device inlet318. The exemplary housing 310 is a generally solid, cylindricalstructure with various open regions that accommodate various structuresand define fluid flow paths, as well as the fluid transfer device outlet320. Suitable materials for the housing 310 include, but are not limitedto, titanium. The exemplary electromagnet pump 312 includes anelectromagnet 322 and an armature 324. The electromagnet 322, which iscarried within in a case 326, includes a core and a coil. The armature324 consists of a pole 328 formed from a magnetic material (e.g.magnetic steel), which is located such that it will be magneticallyattracted to the electromagnet 322 when the electromagnet is actuated,and a cylindrically-shaped piston 330 that extends from the pole andthrough the piston bore 332 to the main check valve 316. A hub 334secures the pole 328 to the piston 330, and a main spring 336 biases thearmature 334 to the “rest” position illustrated in FIG. 19.

The housing 310 in the illustrated embodiment is secured to theelectromagnet case 324 through the use of a weld ring 338 on the housingand a weld ring 340 on the electrical case. The outer diameters of theweld rings 338 and 340 are substantially equal to one another and theouter surfaces thereof are substantially flush. During assembly, thehousing 310 and the electromagnet case 326 are positioned on oppositesides of a barrier 342, such as a titanium barrier, and are then securedto one another by a weld 344 (e.g. a laser weld) joining the outersurfaces of the weld rings 338 and 340. The barrier 342 hermeticallyisolates the recess around the armature pole 328, which is filled withfluid, as well as the other structures and lumens associated with thehousing 310, from the electromagnet 322.

With respect to operation, the exemplary fluid transfer device 308 isactuated by connecting the coil in the electromagnet 322 to an energysource (e.g. capacitors that are being fired). The resulting magneticfield, which is directed through the electromagnet core and the armaturepole 328, overcomes the biasing force of the main spring 336, and pullsthe armature pole to the barrier 342. The armature piston 330 and hub334 will move with armature pole 328 and compress the main spring 336.This is also the time at which fluid exits the fluid transfer device 308by way of the outlet 320. The coil will continue to be energized for abrief time (e.g. a few milliseconds) and the main check valve 316 willbriefly open and allow fluid into the pump chamber 346 that is locatedbetween the end of the (now moved) piston 330 and the main check valve.Immediately after the main check valve 316 closes, the electromagnetwill then be disconnected from the energy source and the main spring 336will drive the armature 324 back to the “rest” position illustrated inFIG. 19. The associated increase in pressure within the pump chamber 346opens the bypass valve 314, thereby allowing fluid to flow to the recessaround the armature pole 328. Additional information concerning theoperation of electromagnet pump-based fluid transfer devices may befound in U.S. Pat. No. 6,227,818, U.S. Pat. No. 6,264,439, and U.S.Patent Pub. No. 2007/0269322, each of which incorporated herein byreference. Suitable electromagnet pump-based fluid transfer devices havebeen developed by Infusion Systems, LLC in Sylmar, Calif.

As alluded to above, power for the electromagnet pump and otherelectrical aspects of the exemplary medical device may be provided by apair of batteries 114 carried within the battery case 116 (FIG. 6).Suitable batteries include batteries such as Energizer silver oxide 319batteries. A stack of three of such batteries would provide 90 VmA-hoursof power, which is sufficient to power the electromagnet pump at a rateof 960 pulses/day for 4 months, and could replaced by way of thepercutaneous port during visits to the physician.

It should also be noted that a rechargeable battery may be used in placeof the replaceable batteries 114. Referring first to FIG. 7A, theexemplary rechargeable battery 114 a, which includes positive andnegative contacts 115 and 117, may be inserted into the battery case 116(FIG. 6) in place of batteries 114. A recharger that is configured torecharge the battery 114 a by way of the percutaneous port 100 may alsobe provided. One example of such a charger, which is generallyrepresented by reference numeral 500, is illustrated in FIGS. 7B and 7C.The exemplary charger 500 includes a power supply 502 and plug 504. Thepower supply 502 may include a housing 506, a power source 508 (e.g. oneor more batteries), suitable control circuitry 510, and a user interface512. The housing 506 may be configured to be worn (e.g. with a beltclip). The plug 504, which may be connected to the power supply 502 by acable 514 and inserted into the percutaneous port 100, includes ahousing 516 with an overall size and shape similar to that of thecartridge 200. The housing 516 carries positive and negative contacts518 and 520. The positive contact 518 has an annular shape is sized andlocated such that it will engage one or both of the positive contacts170 a and 172 a (discussed below), but not the negative contacts 172 aand 172 b, of sensors 124 and 126 when the plug 514 is inserted into thepercutaneous port 100, regardless of rotational orientation, while thenegative contact 520 will engage the inner surface of the tubular wall102.

The charger 500 may be used to recharge the battery 114 a when, forexample, the cartridge 200 is being replaced. The user will simplyremove the cartridge 200 from the percutaneous port 100, insert the plug504, and actuate the power supply 502. After the battery 114 a is fullycharged, the plug 504 may be removed and a new cartridge 200 may beinserted into the percutaneous port 100.

The exemplary fluid transfer device 308 may also include a portion ofthe housing electronics section 306. Referring to FIGS. 20 and 21, thehousing electronics section 306 includes a hollow main portion 348 and acover 350 that together enclose an interior 352. The hollow main portion348 includes one or more side walls 349, a closed end wall 351 and anopening 353 that is closed by the cover 350. The cover 350, whichincludes a feed-through 354 (e.g. a three pin feed-through) and a pinreceiver 355, is carried by the weld ring 338 in the illustratedembodiment. The cover 350 may, alternatively, be carried by otherportions of the underlying fluid transfer device depending upon the typeof fluid transfer device being employed and the manner in which thefluid transfer device is constructed. The cover 350 may be an integralpart of the weld ring 338, or the cover and weld ring may be separatelyfabricated and welded or otherwise secured to one another.

Various electronic components, such as the capacitors 356 (e.g. pottedor unpotted tantalum capacitors) that drive the electromagnet 322 and acircuit board 358 with a controller 360, such as a microprocessor,microcontroller or other control circuitry, are carried within theinterior 352. Other electronic components may include, depending uponthe particular implementation, an antenna to enable telemetry. The cover350 may be welded to main portion 348 (note weld 362) and, to that end,the cover may be provided with a stepped perimeter (not shown) thataligns the cover with the main portion. The main portion 348 and thecover 350, together with the weld rings 338 and 340, the barrier 342 andthe weld 344, hermetically seal the interior 352 of the electronicssection 306 from the patient and the remainder of the medical device 20.

The main portion 348 or cover 350 may include a very small hole (notshown) that remains open during the assembly process. After the cover350 is welded to the main portion 348, the interior 352 is vacuum bakedand filled with an inert gas or combination of gases, such as argon andhelium. The hole may then be welded shut to trap the inert gas (orgases) within the interior 352 to protect the electronics and also toenable detection of helium to verify any leakage.

Referring to FIGS. 22 and 23, the components sealed within the interior352 are electrically connected to the positive battery contact 118 andto the sensors 124 and 126 by way of the pins 364 a-c on the three-pinfeed-through 354. More specifically, wire 184 a connects the contacts170 a and 172 a of sensors 124 and 126 to the positive contact 118 whichis, in turn, connected to pin 364 a by wire 184 b. Wire 184 c connectscontact 170 b of sensor 124 to pin 364 b, and wire 184 d connectscontact 172 b of sensor 126 to pin 364 c. Additionally, and as alludedto above, the flat retainer disk 136 on the percutaneous port 100functions as the negative battery contact. The flat retainer disk 136 iselectrically connected to the electronics section cover 350 by way ofthe percutaneous port end wall 108, the pin 158 and the pin receiver355. The feed-through pins 364 a, 364 b and 364 c are attached bywelding the plate substrata to the cover 350, sealing the electronicssection. The ground contact(s) on the circuit board 358 may be connectedto the inner surface hollow main portion 348 or cover 350 of housingelectronics section 306 by, for example, a wire (not shown) and a laserweld, resistance weld or conductive epoxy. Such an arrangement allowsthe battery voltage to be used for sensing purposes in the mannerdescribed in Section VI below.

There are a variety of advantages associated with hermetically sealingthe electronics section 306 of the housing 302. For example, it is fareasier to hermetically seal only that portion of the medical device thatincludes electronics than it is to hermetically seal the entire device.In particular, the present hermetic seal is formed by various medicaldevice housing structures, the fluid transfer device and two simplewelds. Another advantage is associated with the fact that smaller,unpotted capacitors may be employed because the capacitors areprotected, thereby reducing the overall size of the medical device.

Turning to the fluid transfer apparatus within the fluid transfersection 304 of the housing 302, and referring first to FIGS. 23 and 24,a delivery/manifold tube receiver 366 is mounted onto the percutaneousport base member 152 in the exemplary embodiment. The exemplarydelivery/manifold tube receiver 366 includes a tubular body 368 with aninternal lumen 370 that is aligned with the percutaneous port apertures128 and 130 (FIG. 6). A base 372, which is configured to fit over thering 154 (FIG. 22), is located on one end of the tubular body 368. Aninternal abutment 374 and an aperture 376 are located at the other endof the tubular body 368. The internal abutment 374 and aperture 376cooperate with various portions of the delivery/manifold tube 400 in themanner discussed in Section V below.

The exemplary delivery/manifold tube receiver 366 also includes a pairof longitudinally spaced outlet and inlet ports 378 and 380. Asillustrated in FIGS. 23-28, the outlet port 378 may be connected to theinlet 318 of the fluid transfer device 308 by way of a connector tube382 and a header 384. The header 384 includes a base 386 that is mountedonto the fluid transfer device housing 310, a connector 388 for theconnector tube 382, and an internal lumen 390 that allows fluid to flowfrom the connector tube to the fluid transfer device inlet 318 (FIG.28). The inlet port 380 is connected to the fluid transfer device outlet320 by a connector tube 392. The outlet and inlet ports 378 and 380 areseparated from one another by the delivery/manifold tube 400, whichdiscussed in Section V below.

Suitable materials for the delivery/manifold tube receiver 366, theconnector tubes 382 and 392, and the header 384 include, but are notlimited to, polyethylene, polycarbonate and PEEK. Adhesive may be usedto secure the delivery/manifold tube receiver 366 to the base member152, the connector tubes 382 and 392 to the delivery/manifold tubereceiver, the header 384 and fluid transfer device outlet 320, and theheader to the fluid transfer device housing 310.

The fluid transfer section 304 of the housing 302 may be in the form ofa hollow structure that is similar to that associated with theelectronics section 306 and configured to mate with the percutaneousport 100. In the illustrated embodiment, however, the fluid transfersection 304 of the housing 302 is an electrically insulating material(e.g. epoxy) that is molded over and around the structures illustratedin FIGS. 22-25 to form the fluid transfer section illustrated in FIGS.2, 3 and 26. The insulating material also secures itself to the anchors156. An insert may be positioned over the delivery/manifold tubereceiver 366 during the molding process in order to produce the lumen394 that extends from the aperture 376 to the exterior of the housing302. The lumen 394 facilitates passage of the delivery portion 402 ofthe delivery/manifold tube 400, which is discussed in Section V below.

The size and shape of the partially implantable medical device 20,especially the size and shape of the combined percutaneous port 100 andimplantable operative portion 300, are advantageous for a variety ofreasons. In the exemplary context of insulin delivery and the exemplary1.8 cc cartridge described in Section III above, one implementation ofthe partially implantable medical device 20 may be sized as follows. Thepercutaneous port 100 has an inner diameter of about 15 mm and is about12 mm in height. The exemplary implantable operative portion 300 isabout 25 mm long, about 18 mm wide, and about 8 mm in height. Withrespect to shape, as can be seen in FIGS. 2, 3 and 5, the overall shapeof the combined percutaneous port 100 and implantable operative portion300 is that of a right angle (or an “L”). As such, the partiallyimplantable medical device 20 may be inserted into the patient with arelatively small incision. Additionally, once the cartridge 200 is inplace and is the only visible portion of the partially implantablemedical device 20, the device will not be particularly noticeable.

It should also be noted here that the implantable operative portion 300may, in some implementations, be provided with apparatus which performthe function of detecting blockages of the delivery portion 402 of thedelivery/manifold tube 400 and alerting the patient to the presence ofthe blockage. As illustrated for example in FIG. 27, a pressure sensor396 may be used to sense the pressure between the fluid transfer device308 and the delivery portion 402 of the delivery/manifold tube 400. Thepressure sensor 396 may also be connected to the controller 360. Thecontroller 360 may use the sensed pressure to detect blockages and todetermine whether or not the fluid transfer device 308 is functioningproperly. The controller 360 may perform a variety of differentfunctions in response to determination that there is a blockage or animproperly functioning fluid transfer device 308. For example, thecontroller 360 may actuate an audible and/or vibratory alarm (not shown)that is located within the housing 302.

V. Exemplary Delivery/Manifold Tube

One example of a removable delivery/manifold tube is generallyrepresented by reference numeral 400 in FIGS. 28 and 29. The exemplarydelivery/manifold tube 400 includes a delivery portion 402, whichprovides a flow path from the implantable operative portion 300 to thetarget tissue region, and a manifold portion 404, which directs fluidfrom the cartridge 200 to the fluid transfer device 308 as well as fromthe fluid transfer device to the delivery portion 402.

In the illustrated embodiment, the exemplary delivery portion 402consists of a tube 406, with a fluid lumen 408, that extends outwardlyfrom the implantable operative portion 300 in the manner illustrated inFIGS. 2 and 3 to the target region. In the exemplary context of insulindelivery, the implantable operative portion 300 may be locatedsubcutaneously, but outside the peritoneal cavity, and the deliveryportion 402 may extend through the peritoneum and into the peritonealcavity, as illustrated in FIG. 5.

The exemplary manifold portion 404 illustrated in FIGS. 28 and 29 isconfigured to fit within delivery/manifold tube receiver 366 such that aseal is created therebetween. To that end, the manifold portion 404includes a cylindrical main body 410, which has an outer diameter thatis substantially equal to the diameter of the delivery/manifold tubereceiver inner lumen 370, and a plurality of o-ring gaskets 412. Itshould be noted, however, that the frictional engagement between thedelivery/manifold tube receiver 366 and the manifold portion 404 is notso great that it prevents the delivery/manifold tube 400 from beingremoved and replaced by way of the percutaneous port 100. The o-ringgaskets 412 are carried within indentations 414 that are formed in themain body 410. The main body 410 also includes a tapered portion 416that abuts the internal abutment 374 when the manifold portion 404 isproperly positioned within the delivery/manifold tube receiver 366. Ano-ring gasket (not shown) may also be provided on the tapered portion416. A pair of longitudinally spaced fluid lumens 418 and 420 arelocated within the main body 410, while a pair of longitudinally spacedannular indentations 422 and 424 are located on the exterior of the mainbody.

The fluid lumens 418 and 420 in the illustrated embodiment are separatedfrom one another by a solid, lumen-free portion of the cylindrical mainbody such that fluid within lumen 418 is prevented from flowing directlyinto lumen 420. The fluid lumen 418 is also respectively aligned with,and in direct fluid communication with, the hollow region 178 of theseptum 132 and the fluid lumen 408 is in direct alignment with thedelivery portion 402. The indentations 422 and 424 and the surface ofthe inner lumen 370 together define a pair of longitudinally spacedannular fluid channels 426 and 428. The fluid channels 426 and 428 areseparated by the portion of the cylindrical main body 410 that carriesthe o-ring gaskets 412 such that fluid within channel 426 is preventedfrom flowing directly into channel 428, and are respectively connectedto the fluid lumens 418 and 420 by apertures 430 and 432. The apertures430 and 432 extend through the cylindrical wall that defines themanifold portion 404.

The percutaneous port 100, the cartridge 200, the delivery/manifold tubereceiver 366 and the delivery/manifold tube 400 are respectivelyconfigured such that, when the cartridge is fully inserted in thepercutaneous port (FIG. 28), the cartridge needle 204 will extendthrough the septum 132. The needle apertures 244 will be located withinthe septum hollow region 178 or the delivery/manifold tube lumen 418. Sopositioned, fluid from the cartridge fluid storage volume 236 will flowthrough the needle 204 to the delivery/manifold tube lumen 418. Fromthere, fluid will flow to the fluid transfer device inlet 318 by way ofthe apertures 430, the annular fluid channel 426, the outlet port 378,the connector tube 382 and the header 384. Fluid from the fluid transferdevice outlet 320 will flow to the target body region by way of theconnector tube 382, the inlet port 380, the annular fluid channel 428,the apertures 432, the lumen 420 and the lumen 408.

There are a variety of advantages associated with the presentdelivery/manifold tube 400 and the manner in which it is associated withthe percutaneous port 100, the replaceable cartridge 200, and theimplantable operative portion 300. By way of example, but notlimitation, the delivery/manifold tube 400 may be removed from theimplantable operative portion 300 (and the patient) by way of thepercutaneous port 100, as necessary or desired, and replaced by way ofthe percutaneous port. Such removal and replacement may, for example,occur in response to the formation of a blockage at the outlet end ofthe lumen 408 or may simply be associated with periodic maintenance. Ineither case, the removal and replacement may be accomplished without asurgical procedure. The delivery/manifold tube 400 also simplifies theassembly process by obviating the need for separate structures thatwould have provided the same functionality as well as the connectors andseals associated therewith.

With respect to materials, the delivery portion 402 may be formed fromrelatively soft materials such as silicone rubber, TEFLON PTFE,polyethylene, polyurethane and Vectra® liquid crystal polymer, while themanifold portion 404 may be formed from a hard plastic such as PEEK orTEFLON PTFE or a metal such as titanium. The delivery portion 402 andmanifold portion 404 may, in other implementations, be formed from thesame materials.

It should also be noted there that there may be some instances where itis desirable to provide a protective passageway for the delivery portion402 of the delivery/manifold tube 400 in order to insure effectiveplacement and removal. One example of an apparatus that provides such apassageway is described in Section VII below.

VI. Exemplary Control Methodologies

Partially implantable medical devices in accordance with the presentinventions may be programmed and/or controlled in any suitable manner.For example, some implementations of the present partially implantablemedical devices may include an antenna and receive instructions and/orprogramming information by way of a telemetric programmer. Someimplementations of the present partially implantable medical devices mayinclude a data connector (e.g. a micro-USB connector within thepercutaneous port 100 and under the flat retainer disk 136 of theretainer 134) that can receive instructions and/or programminginformation by way of wired connection to a programmer. Programmers andthe controller 360 may also be configured such that instructions andprogramming information may be delivered by way of the control sensorcontacts 170 a/170 b and 172 a/172 b.

Alternatively, or in addition, the percutaneous port and cartridge maybe configured to function as a user interface that allows the physicianand/or patient to control various aspects of the operation of theassociated partially implantable medical device and/or to inputprogramming commands while implanted in the manner illustrated in FIGS.4 and 5. In the illustrated implementation, and as alluded to above, thepercutaneous port 100 includes a cartridge sensor. More specifically, inthe exemplary implementation, the cartridge sensor consists of a pair ofcircumferentially spaced control sensors 124 and 126, and the cartridge200 includes a plurality of spaced sensible members 250. The contacts170 a and 170 b on sensor 124 are respectively connected to positive andnegative battery terminals, and the contacts 172 a and 172 b on sensor126 are respectively connected to positive and negative batteryterminals. The exemplary spaced sensible members 250 are electricallyconductive pads. Current will flow from contact 170 a to contact 170 bwhen the contacts are both aligned with one of the electricallyconductive pads 250, and the switch defined by the contacts and pad isclosed. Similarly, current will flow from contact 172 a to contact 172 bwhen the contacts are both aligned with one of the electricallyconductive pads 250, and the switch defined by the contacts and pad isclosed. A non-zero voltage across contacts 170 a/170 b and/or contacts172 a/172 b (and, accordingly, pins 364 a/364 b and/or pins 364 a/364 c)represents the presence of a sensible member 250 that is aligned withcontrol sensor 124 and/or control sensor 126. Put another way, in theillustrated implementation, the presence of a sensible member 250 at oneof the control sensors 124 and 126 is sensed when the switch is closed.

Such sensing may be used by the controller 360 to determine thedirection and magnitude of the rotational movement of the cartridge 200relative to the percutaneous port 100, as is discussed below withreference to FIGS. 30-35. The number of times there is (and is not) avoltage across contacts 170 a/170 b and contacts 172 a/172 b (and,accordingly, pins 364 a/364 b and pins 364 a/364 c), and the order inwhich the on-off changes in voltage occur, is indicative of themagnitude and direction of the rotational movement of the cartridge 200relative to the percutaneous port 100. The patient or physician maysimply rotate the cartridge 200 in a predetermined manner to inputcommands and/or otherwise interface with the exemplary medical device20, as is discussed below with reference to FIG. 36.

The exemplary sensible members 250 from the cartridge 200 aresuperimposed over the end wall 108 and control sensors 124 and 126 ofthe percutaneous port 100 in FIGS. 30-35 to illustrate the changes inthe relative rotational orientations of the sensible members and controlsensors that occur when a cartridge is located within the percutaneousport of an implanted medical device and rotated relative thereto.

FIG. 30 represents one exemplary initial orientation of the sensiblemembers 250 and cartridge 200 (not shown) relative to the percutaneousport 100. No sensible member 250 is aligned with the contacts on eitherof the control sensors 124 and 126 in the illustrated rotationalorientation and, accordingly, no sensible member is sensed at either ofthe control sensors (a “124-no/126-no” state). Of course, and as will beclear from the discussion below, the initial rotational orientation ofthe sensible members 250 (and cartridge 200) need not be that shown inFIG. 30.

In FIG. 31, the sensible members 250 (and cartridge 200) have beenrotated relative to the percutaneous port 100 in the direction of arrowA such that the sensible member 250 a is aligned with the contacts 172a/172 b of control sensor 126 and no sensible member is aligned with thecontacts 170 a/170 b of control sensor 124. A sensible member will,accordingly, not be sensed at control sensor 124 and will be sensed atcontrol sensor 126 (a “124-no/126-yes” state). The transition from the124-no/126-no state to the 124-no/126-yes state indicates that thesensible members 250 (and cartridge 200) are moving in thecounter-clockwise direction.

Turning to FIG. 32, the sensible members 250 (and cartridge 200) havebeen further rotated relative to the percutaneous port 100 in thedirection of arrow A such that the sensible member 250 a remains alignedwith the contacts 172 a/172 b of control sensor 126 and the sensiblemember 250 a is now also aligned without the contacts 170 a/170 b ofcontrol sensor 124. A sensible member will, accordingly, be sensed atboth control sensor 124 and control sensor 126 (a “124-yes/126-yes”state). The transition from the 124-no/126-yes state to the124-yes/126-yes state, without reversion to the prior 124-no/126-nostate, indicates that the cartridge 200 is continuing to move in thecounter-clockwise direction without any appreciable movement in theclockwise direction.

The sensible members 250 (and cartridge 200) in FIG. 33 have beenfurther rotated relative to the percutaneous port 100 in the directionof arrow A such that the sensible member 250 a is no longer aligned withthe contacts 172 a/172 b of control sensor 126 and the sensible member250 a remains aligned with the contacts 170 a/170 b of control sensor124. A sensible member 250 will, accordingly, be sensed at controlsensor 124 and not sensed at control sensor 126 (a “124-yes/126-no”state). The transition from the 124-yes/126-yes state to the124-yes/126-no state, without reversion to the prior 124-no/126-yesstate, indicates that the cartridge is continuing to move in acounter-clockwise direction without any appreciable movement in theclockwise direction.

A subsequent transition from the 124-yes/126-no state to the124-no/126-no state (i.e. the initial state), without reversion to theprior state, will indicate that the movement has continued in thedirection of arrow A and, in the context of the illustratedimplementation, that there has been a single sensor cycle and that thecartridge has rotated a total of about 60 degrees from the initiallocation (FIG. 30). Continued rotation in the direction of arrow A tothe location illustrated in FIG. 34, i.e. 180 degrees from the initiallocation (FIG. 30), will result in two more sensor cycles. Again, eachsensor cycle is a transition from 124-no/126-no state to another124-no/126-no state in the manner described above, and each cyclerepresents a rotation of 60 degrees.

It should be noted here that the 124-no/126-no state need not be theinitial state when monitoring rotational movement of the cartridge 200relative to the percutaneous port 100. The initial state is merely thestate present when rotational movement begins after a predeterminedperiod without rotational movement (e.g. at least 5-10 seconds). If, forexample, a sensible member 250 is aligned with the contacts on both ofthe control sensors 124 and 126, then the initial state will be the124-yes/126-yes state, and a cycle will be a transition from a124-yes/126-yes state to another 124-yes/126-yes state.

Rotational movement in the opposite direction is sensed in essentiallythe same way, although the yes/no transitions will occur in a differentorder. For example, FIGS. 34 and 35 show the rotation of the sensiblemembers 250 (and cartridge 200) relative to the percutaneous port 100 inthe direction of arrow B. The sensible member 250 b will be sensed atcontrol sensor 124 and not sensed at control sensor 126 in FIG. 35. Thetransition from the 124-no/126-no state (FIG. 34) to the 124-yes/126-nostate (FIG. 35) indicates that the cartridge is moving in a clockwisedirection.

Regardless of the type of sensors and sensible members that areemployed, and the manner in which the sensors and sensible members areused to identify rotational movement of the cartridge 200 relative tothe percutaneous port 100, the ability to identify and track suchrotational movement facilitates the use of the percutaneous port and thecartridge as a user interface. By way of example, but not limitation, avariety of user-initiated implantable medical device operations may bepre-programmed into the partially implantable medical device and suchoperations may be actuated by the port/cartridge user interface. Eachuser-initiated operation may be assigned a unique defined cartridgerotational movement or a unique defined combination of rotationalmovements (collectively “defined cartridge rotational movement”). A timelimit will be applied in at least some embodiments. Here, a definedcartridge rotational movement will not be effective unless thecombination completed within a predetermined time period (e.g. about 15seconds from the initial detection of rotation).

The general operation of the user interface and the associated aspectsof the controller 360 is graphically illustrated in FIG. 36. Morespecifically, with respect to user-initiated operation, the controller360 will remain in a standby state (step S01) until rotational movementof the cartridge is sensed (step S02). A timer is initiated in responseto the sensing of cartridge rotation (step S03). If one of the definedcartridge rotational movements is received prior to the expiration ofthe predetermined period (steps S04 and S05), then the user-initiatedoperation associated with the defined cartridge rotational movement willbe initiated (step S06). If, on the other hand, one the definedcartridge rotational movements is not received prior to the expirationof the predetermined period (steps S04 and S05), the controller 360 willreturn to the standby state with respect to the user interface aspectsof its operation.

For example, an operation may be initiated in response to the followingcartridge rotational movement: at least 360 degrees in one directionfollowed by rotation of at least 360 degrees in the opposite direction,with both rotations occurring within 15 seconds of the initiation of thefirst rotation. Another exemplary rotation combination is rotation of atleast 180 degrees in a particular direction that is completed within 15seconds of the initiation of the rotation. The controller 360 may alsobe configured to actuate an audible and/or vibratory alarm (not shown)that is located within the housing 302 in response to a successful inputof a defined cartridge rotational movement and/or an unsuccessful inputattempt. Different versions of the alarm (e.g. one beep vs. two beeps)should be used when the alarm is actuated in response to both successfuland unsuccessful attempts.

With respect to the user-initiated operations themselves, one exampleinvolves a reduced delivery rate mode that may be pre-programmed intothe partially implantable medical device 20. The reduced delivery ratemode may be configured to end after a predetermined period, so that theimplantable operative portion 300 will automatically return to theprogrammed rate, or may be configured to continue until disabled. In theexemplary context of basal insulin delivery, the reduced delivery ratemode may be useful during exercise and may cause the implantableoperative portion 300 to deliver insulin at a lower level such as 50% ofthe programmed basal rate for a predetermined period, such as 30minutes.

Another exemplary user-initiated operation is bolus delivery. In theexemplary context of basal insulin delivery with the partiallyimplantable medical device 20, the user may initiate a mealtime bolus ifnecessary. The delivery of pain medication is another area in which apatient controlled bolus may be desirable.

Still other exemplary user-initiated operations involve changing basaldelivery rates. A plurality of rates may be pre-programmed into thepartially implantable medical device 20. The user interface defined bythe percutaneous port 100 and cartridge 200 may be used to increase ordecrease the delivery rate in step fashion from one pre-programmed rateto another each time a predetermined combination has been entered.Alternatively, the partially implantable medical device may simply storea single basal rate and the user interface may be used to increase ordecrease the delivery rate by predetermined amounts each time apredetermined combination has been entered.

There are a variety of advantages associated with a user interface thatis defined by the percutaneous port 100 and cartridge 200. By way ofexample, by not limitation, the present user interface obviates the needfor the patient to possess a telemetric remote control and, accordingly,obviates the expense and potential inconvenience (if lost or otherwiseunavailable) associated a remote control. The present user interface mayalso eliminate the need for telemetric control by the physician, therebyeliminating the need for an antenna and associated telemetric circuitryin the partially implantable medical device.

VII. Exemplary Internal Port

As alluded to above, there may be some instances where it is desirableto provide a protective passageway for the delivery portion 402 of thedelivery/manifold tube 400 in order to insure effective placement andremoval. In the exemplary context of the intraperitoneal delivery, fat,muscle or the peritoneal wall can interfere with delivery and/orremoval. One example of an apparatus that provides such a passageway isthe internal port generally represented by reference numeral 600 inFIGS. 37 and 38. The exemplary internal port 600 includes a guide 602,with an elongate tube 604 and anchor 606, and a connector 608 thatextends from the implantable operative portion housing 302 and over aportion of the guide.

The elongate tube 604 of the exemplary guide 602 defines an internallumen 610 and may be cut to length depending on the patient's physiqueand the location within the body. The anchor 606 includes top and bottomflanges 612 and 614 with a gap 616 therebetween. The top flange 612 isgenerally flat, while the bottom flange 614 has a tapered surface. Thetapered surface makes it easier to push the bottom flange 614 though apreviously formed opening in the peritoneal wall PW (or other tissuestructure) that is smaller than the bottom flange. Once through, thetissue structure will be held within the gap 616 between the flanges 612and 614, thereby fixing the position of the elongate tube 602.

The guide 602 may also configured to reduce the likelihood of tissuegrowth within the internal lumen 610 to prevent interference with themovement of the delivery/manifold tube 400, and to encourage tissueingrowth on the exterior of elongate tube 604 and anchor 606 to preventmovement of the guide. Suitable materials for the guide 602 include, butare not limited to, an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) materialknown as GORE-TEX from W. L. Gore & Associates, which is smooth on oneside and rough on the other, and TEFLON PTFE with a roughened exterior.

The connector 608, which is used to align the housing lumen 394 (FIG.26) with the guide 602, includes a relatively short tube 618 with anoutwardly flared end 620. The flared end 620 facilitates positioning ofthe relatively short tube 618 over the elongate guide tube 604 duringplacement of the implantable operative portion 300 within the patient.The connector 608 may be secured to the exterior of the housing 300during assembly. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 38, the connector 608may be integrally formed with the delivery/manifold tube receiver 366described above with reference to FIGS. 23 and 26.

VIII. Other Exemplary Medical Devices With Percutaneous Ports

The present partially implantable medical devices are not limited to theexemplary implementations described above with reference to FIGS. 1-38.By way of example, but not limitation, a few additional implementationsare described here.

Turning to FIGS. 39-42, the exemplary partially implantable medicaldevice generally represented by reference numeral 20 a is substantiallysimilar to device 20 and similar elements are represented by similarreference numerals. For example, the partially implantable medicaldevice 20 a includes a percutaneous port 100 a. Like port 100, thepercutaneous port 100 a has a tubular wall 102, a layer of porousmaterial 106, sensors 124 and 126, a removable septum 132, and areleasable lock 134 that holds the septum 132 in place.

The percutaneous port 100 a in the exemplary partially implantablemedical device 20 a illustrated in FIGS. 39-42 is not, however, mountedon the implantable operative portion 300 a. The percutaneous port 100 ais instead connected to the implantable operative portion 300 a by aconnector tube 400 a. In the illustrated embodiment, the connector tube400 a is a dual lumen tube with a first lumen 401, which provides afluidic connection from the cartridge to the implantable operativeportion 300 a, and a second lumen 403 for the wires (not shown) thatconnect the sensor contact pairs 170 a/170 b and 172 a/172 b (FIG. 9) tothe feed-through 354 (FIG. 21) and the positive terminal of the battery.The percutaneous port 100 a also includes a base 101, such as a epoxymolded base, in which the sensors 124 and 126 are carried. The firstlumen 401 may be connected to the fluid transfer device inlet 318 (FIG.22) by a slightly different header, and the fluid transfer device outlet320 (FIG. 22) may be connected to an outlet 394 a formed in the housingfluid transfer section 304 a by a tube (not shown). Alternatively, thetube may extend though the outlet 394 a and into the patient.

With respect to power, a battery or other energy storage device 114 a ispermanently carried within the electronics section 306 a of housing 302a, and accordingly, the electronics section 306 a will be larger thanthe electronics section 306, all other things being equal. The exemplarypercutaneous port 100 a does not, accordingly, include a battery case orbattery aperture. In other implementations, a battery case (e.g. batterycase 116 in FIG. 9) may be provided and carried within the base 101 andthe positive and negative battery terminal would be connected to theelectronics section 306 a by way of wires that also extend through lumen403. In still other implementations, the battery carried within theelectronics section 306 a will be relatively small and rechargeable byway of electrical contacts within the port 100 a as described above withreference to FIGS. 7A-7C.

The exemplary implantable operative portion 300 a may be positionedwithin the target region. In the exemplary context of insulin delivery,the implantable operative portion 300 a may be positioned within theperitoneum. Alternatively, the implantable operative portion 300 a maybe positioned subcutaneously connected to the peritoneum by a deliverytube (not shown) that extends through peritoneal wall.

Another exemplary partially implantable medical device is generallyrepresented by reference numeral 20 b in FIG. 43. The exemplarypartially implantable medical device generally represented by referencenumeral 20 b is substantially similar to device 20 a and similarelements are represented by similar reference numerals. Here, however,the housing 302 b is an elongate tubular structure. The inlet of fluidtransfer device 308, which is located at one end of the housing 302 b,is connected to the percutaneous port 100 a by the connector tube 400 a.The outlet of the of the fluid transfer device 308 may be connected to adelivery tube 402 b (as shown) or to an outlet in the housing 302 b. Inthe illustrated implementation, the battery 114 b is located at theother end of the housing and an electronics compartment 306 b including,for example, a controller and one or more capacitors, is locatedtherebetween.

Partially implantable medical devices in accordance with at least someof the present inventions may also be powered by a power source carriedby a replaceable cartridge. One example of such a partially implantablemedical device is generally represented by reference numeral 20 c inFIG. 44. The exemplary medical device 20 c is substantially similar tomedical device 20 and similar elements are represented by similarreference numerals. For example, partially implantable medical device 20c includes a percutaneous port 100 c, a replaceable cartridge 200 c, animplantable operative portion 300 c with a housing 302 having a fluidtransfer section 304 and an electronics section 306, and a replaceabledelivery/manifold tube 400. Here, however, the percutaneous port 100 cis configured to receive power for the operation of the medical devicefrom a power source on the replaceable cartridge 200 c.

Referring to FIGS. 44 and 45, the exemplary percutaneous port 100 c issimilar to percutaneous port 100 in that port 100 c includes a with atubular wall 102, a rounded rim 104, a layer of porous material 106, anend wall 108 c, control sensors 124 and 126, and a septum 132. Giventhat the replaceable cartridge 200 c supplies the power for the medicaldevice 20 c, the percutaneous port 100 c need not include a battery caseor an aperture that allows batteries to be inserted into, and removedfrom, the battery case (note, for example, the aperture 112 and batterycase 116 in FIG. 6). The exemplary percutaneous port 100 c is insteadprovided with a power contact 186 that will be electrically connected toa power contact on the replaceable cartridge 300 c when the cartridge isinserted into the port. The power contact 186, which is the positivepower contact in the illustrated implementation, may be radially offsetfrom the control sensors 124 and 126, and the power contact on thereplaceable cartridge may be correspondingly located, to preventinterference with the functionality of the control sensors, as isdescribed below with reference to FIGS. 49 and 50. The exemplarypercutaneous port 100 c may also be configured to prevent the powercontact on the replaceable cartridge 300 c from making an electricalconnection with portions of the end wall 108 c other than the powercontact 186. In the illustrated implementation, the entire inner surfaceof the end wall 108 c (i.e. the surface visible in FIG. 45) iselectrically non-conductive. This may be accomplished by, for example,an oxidation treatment of the inner surface of the end wall 108 c priorto assembly or by coating the inner surface with a durablenon-conductive material, such as TEFLON PTFE, ceramic or glass, prior toassembly. In other implementations, only that portion of the end wallinner surface which could come into contact with the power contact onthe replaceable cartridge 300 c, e.g. the annular region radially inwardof the control sensor 126, will be electrically non-conductive.

The exemplary percutaneous port 100 c is also provided with a retainer134 c that holds the septum 132 and the delivery/manifold tube 400 inplace. The exemplary retainer 134 c includes a flat retainer disk 136 c,which is received in an indentation 140 c, and a post (not shown) of thetype described above with reference to FIG. 6. A power control aperture123 (FIG. 46) is provided adjacent to the control sensor apertures 120and 122.

Turning to FIG. 47, a base member 164 c carries the control sensorcontacts 170 a/170 b and 172 a/172 b, as well as the power contact 186,of the exemplary port 100 c. Suitable electrically non-conductivematerials for the base 164 c include, but are not limited to,polyethylene, polycarbonate, and PEEK. The contacts 170 a/170 b, 172a/172 b and 186 are connected to pins 364 a-c on a multi-pinfeed-through 354 c as follows. Wire 184 a connects the contacts 170 aand 172 a to the power contact 186 and to pin 364 a. Wire 184 c connectscontact 170 b to pin 364 b, and wire 184 d connects contact 172 b to pin364 c. The percutaneous port 100 c functions as the negative powercontact, as is described below with reference to FIG. 50.

The volume that would have otherwise been occupied by the battery case116 (FIG. 6) may be accounted for in a variety of ways. The space may beoccupied by the electrically insulating material that is molded aroundthe structures within the fluid transfer section 304 in someimplementations. The space may, in other implementations, be occupied byother aspects of the medical device so as to reduce the overall volumeof the medical device. In the illustrated implementation, the space isoccupied by a communication antenna 395 (FIG. 48) that may be used fortelemetric communication to and from the medical device 20 c. Thecommunication antenna 395, which includes a core 397 and a coil 398, maybe connected to the circuit board 358 within the electronics section 306by way of pins 364 d and 364 e on the multi-pin feed-through 354 c.

One example of a replaceable cartridge that includes a power source isgenerally represented by reference numeral 200 c in FIGS. 49-51.Cartridge 200 c is substantially similar to cartridge 200 and similarelements are represented by similar reference numerals. The exemplaryreplaceable cartridge 200 c includes a housing 202 c, which stores theinfusible substance, a needle 204, and a battery 252. Although thepresent cartridges are not limited to any particular housing structure,the exemplary housing 202 c has first and second housing members 206 cand 208 c and an internal bladder or other functionally relatedstructure (not shown) of, for example, the types described above withreference to FIGS. 13-15. The first housing member 206 c has acylindrical wall 212 c, with one or more air holes 214 and a sealingring 216, and an end wall 218 c that is sized such that it extendsradially beyond the percutaneous port rounded rim 104 (FIG. 45). The endwall 218 c may have a flat flange 220 c that rests on the rim 104 (FIG.44), or a flange that rests on and curls around the rim (as discussedabove with reference to FIGS. 13-15). The end wall 218 c also includesan indentation 254 (FIG. 52) for the battery 252. The second housingmember 208 c includes a cylindrical wall 222 c and an end wall 224.

The exemplary cartridge 200 c may also include one or more sensiblemembers 250 that are sensed by the sensors 124 and 126 to identifyrotation of the cartridge 200 c relative to the percutaneous port 100 cin the manner described in Section VI above. The sensible members 250may be located on the exterior of the second housing member end wall 224(as shown), on the exterior of the cylindrical walls 212 c and 222 c, onthe exterior of the end wall 218 c, completely or partially embeddedwithin one or more of any of the end and cylindrical walls, or evenwithin the internal volume of the cartridge, depending upon the type ofsensible member employed, the location of the associated sensor(s) andthe manner in which the sensible member(s) and sensor(s) interact. Thesensible members 250 may also be omitted in some implementations.

The exemplary replaceable cartridge 200 c is also provided with acontact arrangement that electrically connects the battery 252 to theassociated percutaneous port 100 c. Referring first to FIGS. 49 and 50,the exemplary replaceable cartridge 200 c includes a positive powercontact 256 and a negative power contact 258. The positive power contact256 is coaxial with the needle 204, has an annular shape, and is sizedand located such that it will engage the positive power contact 186 onthe percutaneous port 100 c when the cartridge 200 c is inserted intothe port, regardless of the rotational orientation of the cartridgerelative to the port, while the negative power contact 258 will engagethe inner surface of the port tubular wall 102, which is the negativecontact for the port 100 c. The positive power contact 256, which isalso sized and located such that it will not engage the sensor contacts170 a/170 b and 172 a/172 b, may be formed from the electricallyconductive materials and manufacturing processes described in Section IVabove in the context to the sensible members 250. The negative powercontact 258, which may be positioned within an indentation 260 on thehousing 202 c, includes a bowed portion 262 and a flat portion 264 thatis slidable within the indentation. The bowed and flat portions 262 and264 function like a spring to insure good electrical contact with thepercutaneous port tubular wall 102. Suitable examples of electricallyconductive materials for the negative power contact 258 include, but arenot limited to, copper, nickel, stainless steel and aluminum.

Turning to FIG. 52, the battery indentation 254 in the exemplaryreplaceable cartridge 200 c is defined by a bottom wall 266 and sidewall 268. Positive and negative battery contacts 270 and 272 areassociated with the indentation 254. In the illustrated implementation,the positive battery contact 270 is positioned within an indentation 274in the bottom wall 266, and includes an anchor portion 276 that issecured to the housing 202 c, a bowed portion 278 and a flat portion 280that is slidable within the indentation. Here too, the bowed and flatportions 278 and 280 function like a spring to insure good electricalcontact. The negative battery contact 272 is located within a slot 282in the side wall 268 and may be secured to the bottom wall 266. Thenegative battery contact 272 is also integral with the negative powercontact 258 in the illustrated embodiment and, to that end, a portion ofthe negative battery 272 extends through an aperture 284 (FIGS. 50 and52).

As illustrated in FIGS. 49 and 52, the positive power contact 256 isconnected to the positive battery contact 270 in the exemplaryimplementation by a conductor 286. The conductor 286 includes a firstportion 288 located within a groove 290 on the cylindrical walls 212c/222 c and a second portion 292 on the end wall 224. The conductor 286may be formed in any suitable manner before or after the housing 202 cis assembled, and will be covered with an electrically insulatingmaterial (not shown). An aperture (not shown) may be provided in the endwall 218 c or the cylindrical wall 212 c in order to allow the positivebattery contact 270 and the conductor 286 to be connected to oneanother.

The battery 252 may be covered after it is inserted into the batteryindentation 254 in the manner illustrated in FIG. 53 by any suitableelectrically non-conductive water-tight cover. Referring to FIG. 51, theexemplary cover 294 is an adhesive-backed polymer film.

It should be noted here that the medical devices 20 a and 20 billustrated in FIGS. 39-43 may be re-configured include cartridges thatcarry a power supply. It also be noted that other implementations may beconfigured to be powered by batteries carried with a battery case (e.g.case 116) or batteries carried by a cartridge (e.g. cartridge 300 c) inorder to accommodate cartridges with and without a power source.

Replaceable cartridges (not shown) may also be configured such that oneor more batteries, or other power sources, are carried by the cartridgeend wall 224 instead of the end wall 216 (note FIGS. 49-53). Here, theend wall may include one or more battery indentations that protrude intothe storage volume 236. The bladder 210 will collapse over and aroundthe indentation(s) as the cartridge is emptied of fluid. A film thatcarries the sensible members 250, as well as the positive power contact256 and conductors to connect the batteries to the positive powercontact, may be positioned over the end wall and batteries. A negativepower contact 258, as well as the associated conductors, may also beprovided. In those instances where zinc-air batteries are employed, thefilm may include air holes that are closed by a removable tape cover.The tape cover is removed when the cartridge is to be inserted into apercutaneous port.

IX. Exemplary Treatment Methodologies

The present inventions also include various methods involving basaldelivery of a medication with the present partially implantable medicaldevices and bolus delivery of medication with the present partiallyimplantable medical devices or with another device, such as an inhaleror an insulin pen. By way of example, but not limitation, one suchmethod may be used to treat diabetes and involves basal delivery ofinsulin with the present partially implantable medical devices and bolusdelivery of insulin, such as mealtime bolus delivery, with presentpartially implantable medical devices or with an inhaler (note FIG. 36a).

Turning first to the basal delivery of insulin, the partiallyimplantable medical devices described above may be used to transferliquid insulin, e.g. insulin in liquid form or a suspension of insulinpowder in a fluid, from a removable cartridge (e.g. cartridge 200) tothe patient. For example, a partially implantable medical device (e.g.device 20) may be positioned subcutaneously, but primarily outside theperitoneal wall, with a delivery tube (e.g. tube 400) extending throughthe peritoneal wall to the peritoneum, as is illustrated in FIG. 5. Sopositioned, the insulin will be delivered directly into the peritoneumand the patient will be able to remove the fluid cartridge as necessaryby way of the percutaneous port (e.g. port 100).

The patient may be prescribed, and/or otherwise supplied with, aplurality of insulin cartridges of, for example, the type describedabove (e.g. cartridge 200). The cartridges may be removed from theassociated partially implantable medical device and replaced asnecessary. In some exemplary treatment regimens, the patient will beinstructed to remove a cartridge from the port, and replace thecartridge with a new cartridge, at predetermined time intervals. Inother exemplary treatment regimens, the patient could remove thecartridge from the port, refill the cartridge, and place the cartridgeback in the port at predetermined time intervals, although this regimenis more susceptible to the risk of infection. The time intervals, whichare based on the volume of the particular cartridge being employed andthe rate at which the insulin is being dispensed, may be predefinedbased on the maximum expected rate of consumption. For example, if thefluid storage volume of a cartridge is 1.8 cc, the insulin concentrationis 400 units/cc (i.e. 720 units/cartridge), and the maximum basal dosageis 100 units/day, the patient should be instructed to replace thecartridge no less than once a week.

With respect to bolus delivery of inhalable insulin, one exemplarydelivery regimen involves the use of powder as a delivery mechanism. Inparticular, insulin monomers, which can readily be used by the body, maybe carried on aerodynamic pH-sensitive particles supplied in powderform. One exemplary particle is the pH-driven self-assembling,self-disassembling particle known as a TECHNOSPHERE® particle andadditional information concerning such particles is disclosed in, forexample, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,071,497 and 6,428,771. The powder isadministered by way of an inhaler and, in some instances, may besupplied to the patient in a replaceable cartridge (or “dose capsule”)that can be loaded into the inhaler. A variety of inhalers may beemployed and one exemplary removable cartridge-based inhaler isdisclosed in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2008/0127970 A1, which is incorporatedherein by reference. Accordingly, the patient may be prescribed, and/orotherwise supplied with, an inhaler and prescribed, and/or otherwisesupplied with, a plurality of the inhalable insulin cartridges. Forexample, a patient may be supplied with a one-month supply of inhalableinsulin cartridges or a quarterly (i.e. 13-week) supply of inhalableinsulin cartridges.

The administration of the mealtime bolus involves the patient drawingair through the inhaler mouthpiece at or just after (e.g. within about10 minutes) of the beginning of a meal. Air is pulled through thecartridge, which pulls the particles into the air current and out of theinhaler by way of the mouthpiece. When the particles contact the moistlung surface with its neutral pH, the pH-sensitive particles immediatelydissolve and release the insulin molecules, which then diffuse across athin layer of cells into the bloodstream. This process reaches peaklevels within 12 to 14 minutes and mimics rapid rise of the first phaseinsulin profile normally seen in non-diabetic individuals immediatelyfollowing the beginning of a meal, resulting in marked reductions inpostprandial blood glucose without the undesirable persistence ofseveral hours post-meal digestion associated with other insulins.

Other exemplary conditions that may be treated with a partiallyimplantable medical device and an inhaler include, but are not limitedto, pain, spasticity and tinnitus. It should also be noted here that themethods described above are not limited to implementations which involvecartridge-based inhalers. Single dosage disposable inhalers and othertypes of inhalers may also be employed.

Although the present inventions have been described in terms of thepreferred embodiments above, numerous modifications and/or additions tothe above-described preferred embodiments would be readily apparent toone skilled in the art. It is intended that the scope of the presentinventions extend to all such modifications and/or additions and thatthe scope of the present inventions is limited solely by the claims setforth below.

We claim:
 1. An apparatus for use with a dermis and a fluid cartridge,the apparatus comprising: a percutaneous cartridge port including atubular wall, with an open and unobstructed first longitudinal end, asecond longitudinal end, and an exterior, an end wall at the secondlongitudinal end, a resilient needle-puncturable septum at the end wall,and a porous region on the exterior of the tubular wall configured topromote soft tissue ingrowth, the porous region being located on thetubular wall such that a fluid cartridge located within the percutaneouscartridge port and at least partially within dermis that is ingrown intothe porous region can be removed from the dermis by way of the open andunobstructed first longitudinal end and independently of the apparatus;and an implantable operative portion, including a pump, operablyconnected to the percutaneous cartridge port.
 2. An apparatus as claimedin claim 1, wherein the porous region comprises a layer of a fiber mesh.3. An apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the fiber mesh comprisesbiocompatible metal fibers and/or biocompatible polymer fibers.
 4. Anapparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the porous region defines aporosity of about 60 to 95% and includes pores that are about 50 to 200microns in size.
 5. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein theseptum comprises a removable septum that may be removed and/or replacedby moving the removable septum through the end wall and the open andunobstructed first longitudinal end of the tubular wall while thepercutaneous cartridge port remains within the dermis.
 6. An apparatusas claimed in claim 5, wherein the end wall of the percutaneouscartridge port includes a septum aperture configured to receive theremovable septum and a retainer having a locked state where the retainerabuts the end wall and prevents removal of the removable septum from theseptum aperture, and an unlocked state where the retainer does notprevent removal of the removable septum from the septum aperture.
 7. Anapparatus as claimed in claim 6, wherein the percutaneous cartridge portdefines an interior; and the retainer defines a lumen that extends fromthe interior of the percutaneous cartridge port to the removable septumwhen the removable septum is within the septum aperture and the retaineris in the locked state.
 8. An apparatus as claimed in claim 6, whereinremovable septum includes a seal member and a retainer engagementmember.
 9. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: abattery case configured to receive a battery and associated with thepercutaneous cartridge port end wall such that a battery may be removedand/or replaced by moving the battery through the end wall where theresilient needle-puncturable septum is located and the open andunobstructed first longitudinal end of the tubular wall while thepercutaneous cartridge port remains within the dermis.
 10. An apparatusas claimed in claim 9, wherein the percutaneous cartridge port includesa retainer having a locked state where the retainer prevents batteryremoval, and an unlocked state where the retainer does not preventbattery removal.
 11. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, furthercomprising: a battery contact associated with the percutaneous cartridgeport.
 12. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: animplantable operative portion housing in which the pump is located; anda removable delivery tube that extends outwardly from the implantableoperative portion housing, is operably connected to the pump, and isassociated with the percutaneous cartridge port such that it may beremoved and/or replaced by moving the removable delivery tube throughthe end wall where the resilient needle-puncturable septum is locatedand the open and unobstructed first longitudinal end of the tubular wallwhile the percutaneous cartridge port remains within the dermis.
 13. Anapparatus as claimed in claim 12, wherein the percutaneous cartridgeport includes a retainer having a locked state where the retainerprevents removal of the delivery tube, and an unlocked state where theretainer does not prevent removal of the delivery tube.
 14. An apparatusas claimed in claim 1, further comprising: an implantable operativeportion housing; wherein the pump is located within the implantableoperative portion housing.
 15. An apparatus as claimed in claim 14,wherein the percutaneous cartridge port is mounted on the implantableoperative portion housing.
 16. An apparatus as claimed in claim 14,wherein the percutaneous cartridge port is not mounted on theimplantable operative portion housing.
 17. An apparatus for use with adermis, comprising: means for percutaneously receiving and holding afluid cartridge and resilient needle-puncturable septum such that atleast a portion of the cartridge is within the dermis and the fluidcartridge can be removed from the dermis independently of the apparatusand without removal of the resilient needle-puncturable septum; porousmaterial configured to promote dermis ingrowth carried on an exterior ofthe means for percutaneously receiving and holding a fluid cartridge;and an implantable operative portion that is operably connected to themeans for percutaneously receiving and holding a fluid cartridge.
 18. Anapparatus as claimed in claim 17, wherein the porous material comprisesa layer of a fiber mesh.
 19. An apparatus as claimed in claim 17,further comprising: a battery case associated with the means forpercutaneously receiving and holding a fluid cartridge.
 20. Anapparatus, comprising: a housing member defining an interior surface, aninterior volume and an opening with a size and a shape; a fluid transferdevice, that does not include a reservoir, including an electromagnetwithin an electromagnet case that defines an exterior surface and a caseouter perimeter, a fluid housing, that is not the housing member,mounted to the electromagnet case, defining a fluid housing outerperimeter, and having fluid lumens, a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet, anarmature movable within the fluid housing, a piston mounted to thearmature and movable within the fluid housing, and a barrier between theelectromagnet and the armature; a housing cover, defining a cover outerperimeter that is greater than the case outer perimeter and the fluidhousing outer perimeter and a size and a shape corresponding to thehousing member opening, that is carried by the fluid transfer devicesuch that at least a portion of the housing cover is located outside thefluid transfer device, is secured to the housing member at the opening,and includes a first side that faces the interior volume and a secondside opposite the first side; the fluid transfer device defining firstand second longitudinal ends and the housing cover being located betweenthe longitudinal ends such that the electromagnet and the electromagnetcase are located within the housing member interior volume, the fluidhousing is located outside the housing member interior volume with theentire fluid inlet, and the entire fluid outlet is located on the sameside of the cover; and a controller located within the housing memberinterior volume between the interior surface of the housing member andthe exterior surface of the electromagnet case.
 21. An apparatus asclaimed in claim 20, wherein the housing member comprises a metalhousing member, the apparatus further comprising: a plastic housingmember in which the fluid transfer device fluid housing is located. 22.An apparatus as claimed in claim 20, wherein the fluid transfer devicedefines a longitudinal axis and the cover is oriented transverse to thelongitudinal axis.
 23. An apparatus as claimed in claim 22, wherein thecover is oriented substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.24. An apparatus as claimed in claim 20, further comprising: a circuitboard and at least one capacitor located within the housing memberinterior volume.
 25. An apparatus as claimed in claim 24, furthercomprising: a multi-pin electrical feed-through carried by the housingcover.
 26. An apparatus as claimed in claim 20, wherein the fluidtransfer device includes a first exterior ring and a second exteriorring that is secured to the first exterior ring; and the cover iscarried by the first exterior ring.
 27. An apparatus as claimed in claim26, wherein the first and second exterior rings are welded to oneanother.
 28. An apparatus as claimed in claim 26, wherein the firstexterior ring is secured to the fluid housing; the second exterior ringis secured to the electromagnet case; and the barrier is between thefirst and second exterior rings.
 29. An apparatus as claimed in claim28, wherein the cover is welded to the housing member; and the first andsecond exterior rings are welded to one another.
 30. An apparatus asclaimed in claim 20, wherein there is no reservoir within the housingmember interior volume.
 31. An apparatus as claimed in claim 20, furthercomprising: a reservoir located outside the housing member interiorvolume and operably connected to the fluid transfer device.
 32. Anapparatus as claimed in claim 20, wherein the fluid transfer devicefluid inlet is connected to a tube through which fluid flows to thefluid transfer device fluid inlet; and the entire fluid transfer devicefluid inlet and the entire fluid transfer outlet are located in spacedrelation to the housing cover.